Brief History Of Emv Adoption ( Emvco ) - 1798 Words

Brief history of EMV adoption (EMVCo, LLC, 2014) Chip cards were originally invented in 1977. The first mass deployment of chip cards for payment by the banking industry was in France in 1984, driven by a need to reduce high levels of fraud due to counterfeit and lost/stolen magnetic stripe cards. By 1994 all French banks carried chip cards, deployed using the French specification called B0’, and were able to significantly reduce fraud. Based on this success, there was a spread of chip card adoption throughout various markets in Europe in 1990s. Each of them had specifications tailored to their local market. The inter-operability issues created a need for a global standard. Europay, Mastercard and Visa joined together in 1994 to form EMV, in order to create a global standard and had their first field trial in 1997. With 1.62 billion EMV-compliant payments cards in use worldwide, EMV has certainly transformed the payments landscape. Stakeholders EMV evolved from its initial three members, into a consortium called EMVco formed in 1999, consisting of Visa, Mastercard, JCB, American Express, China UnionPay, and Discover. It functions as the standards body for EMV specifications and to ensure its global interoperability. Along with EMVco, there are various stakeholders who are crucial to the successful adoption of EMV. They are namely the merchants (acceptors), acquirers/processors, issuers/banks, payment system integrators and value-added resellers (VAR). While deployments

Fibonacci Essay Example For Students

Fibonacci Essay Leonardo PisanoI researched a scientist or rather a mathematician that made contributions to his discipline such that they have affected a majority of the people that have lived on this earth since his time. His name is Leonardo Pisano. It is hypothesized that Leonardo was born in the town of Pisa which is in modern day Italy circa 1170. Leonardo moved at a young age with his father to a town in northern Algeria. Leonardos father held a diplomatic post where his job was to represent the merchants of the republic. At a young age Leonardo worked with numbers learning the in and outs of accounting and balancing books. In Algeria and other countries that he visited with his father he learned different numbering systems and how they had advantages to the one that he grew up with. In Algeria from the Arabs he learned the base 10 system and was responsible to spreading this system across Europe which in turn was spread across the world and is now the most widely used number system (Connor 1 998). Most people today know Leonardo by his nickname Fibonacci. By the turn of the century Fibonacci had returned to Italy and began to write texts. He wrote on number theory, geometry, algebra, and documented problems and proofs. Fibonacci lived before the printing press had been invented and all copies of his books had to be had written copies from his own hand written copies. Today we still have four of his books; Liber abaci (1202), Practica geometriae (1220), Flos (1225), and Liber quadratorum. According to an article by Keith Devlin, Executive Director of the Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford University, Fibonaccis first book Liber abaci is the book that gave numbers to the western world. Fibonacci was born in the Roman Empire and therefore was taught in his youth the Roman numeral system which is very limiting when one wants to calculate complex equations. As mentioned earlier Fibonacci traveled extensively in northern Africa with his father where he learned the base ten system from the Arabic people who in turn learned it from the people of India who developed it sometime in the first millennium. In his book Liber abaci or The Book of calculation he documented the system in detail that he learned from the Arab traders including its efficiency in performing arithmetic (Delvin 2002). This system included ten symbols including a decimal point which could express partial numbers or fractions (Delvin 2002). The book begins; These are the nine figures of the Indians: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. With these nine figures, and with this sign 0 which in Arabic is called zephirum, any number can be written, as will be demonstrated (Pisano 1202). Being the son of a merchant, the book is geared to help trading merchants learn the new system, how to apply it to there trades, and calculate exchange rates (Delvin 2002). It also discusses the rabbit problem for which Fibonacci is most well known. The rabbit problem introduces a sequence in which the n ext number in the sequence is the sum of the previous two numbers (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21). This sequence coincidentally appears randomly in nature in shells, bee hives, and even in electrical resistance which had not even been discovered yet (Knott 2005). Other books had been written about the Arab-Hindu numbering system but they had more of a mathematic approach and so were mostly only read by serious mathematicians. Since Liber abaci was written to help merchants better their math skills it was much more widely duplicated and introduced the numbering system to common people (Delvin 2002). Fibonaccis other books were more math oriented and not as popular as Liber abaci. Practica geometriae dealt primarily with algebra and trigonometry based on the math theory of Euclid. Liber quadratorum (The book of Squares) is a book on advance algebra and number theory. One thing that I learned from my research is discussed in this book; all perfect squares can be expressed as a sum of odd integers (f(22)=1+3, f(32)=1+3+5, f(42)=1+3+5+7)(Connor 1998). This to me was amazing and gave a simple look into the brilliant understanding Fibonacci had of the Arab-Hindu number system. Fibonacci was well respected by his peers and scholar members of the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II suggested that he meet Fibonacci when his court met in Pisa in 1225. Another of Fibonaccis books Flos is also largely devoted to algebra and contains answers to a series of problems posed to him in a contest organized for emperor Frederick II. Including an accurate approximation of 10x + 22 + x3 = 20 (Connor 1998). I played with this equation for quite awhile with my college math skills and I didnt come close to an answer. Unlike me, Fibonacci who learned a majority of his math while studying and learning during his travels with merchants was able to solve this equation with a correct answer out to the 9th decimal. Fibonacci was truly a genius mathematician for his time and I am sure even in our time. Fibonacci was even given an annual salary from the Roman Empire for his contributions to the empire (Connor 1998). I myself am amazed at his understanding of numbers and who knows how many practical applications have been or will be discovered as a result of Fibonaccis mathematical discoveries. References:J J OConnor and E F Robertson 1998 Posted by School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, ScotlandLeonardo Pisano Fibonaccihttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Fibonacci.htmlKeith Devlin 2002 Posted by The Mathematical Association of AmericaThe 800th birthday of the book that brought numbers to the westhttp://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_10_02.htmlDr Ron Knott 2005 Hosted by the Department of Mathematics, Surrey University, Guildford, UK and in association with Amazon booksFibonacci numbers and the golden sectionhttp://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fib.html

Context of Sustainability Accounting and Reporting †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Accounting and Reporting. Answer: In this reflective writing task, I would explain and discuss the concepts, applications, areas, and principles in the context of Sustainability Accountability Reporting that have studied by me during the classroom session. Throughout this subject, it is learned by me that, any business firms must consider sustainability accounting practices to attained core and strategic organizational objectives (Donaldson Preston, 1995). Moreover, it is also learned that, Suitability accounting reporting is only improve organizational productivity and profitability but also helps the business firms in achieving the competitive advantages and enhancing the brand loyalty and reputation. This subject is also helped me to understand the roles and significance of sustainability accounting in stakeholder engagement. For case, sustainability accounting provides strategic direction to the stakeholder of the company in understanding the core values, tangible and intangible assets of a company (Lodhia, 20 13). Additionally, it is also erudite by me that, sustainability reporting is allows the companies to create, develop and implement long term financial and business plans. But, poor sustainability reporting can damage the reputation of a company directly or indirectly. Moreover, this subject is also improved my knowledge about the major risk and opportunities linked with the suitability accounting. At the time of classroom secession, it is also learned that, with the help of suitability, how a particular company or firm could bring innovation and change within the organizations through the sustainable development (De Villiers, Rinaldi, and Unerman, 2014). Furthermore, this subject is also enhanced my knowledge with regards to the sustainability reporting. For instance, initially, I thought, sustainability reporting is just only a business practices related to accounting (Mitchell, Agle, Wood, 1997). But, after studying this subject, I came to know that, sustainability is play a fundament al role in developing the relationships of the organizations with the stakeholders, societies and customers. In the same way, sustainability reporting is an essential instrument for a company to compete in the market and attain competitive advantages (Bebbington, Higgins, and Frame, 2009). Along with this, it is also studied that, sustainability reporting is bring innovation, accountability, flexibility, reliability within the company. So, business firms should focus on sustainability reporting. Moreover, before studying this subject, I was not familiar about the key functions and roles of sustainability reporting and accounting (Rinaldi, Unerman, and Tilt, 2014). But, after studying this subject, it is acknowledged by me that, sustainability reporting and accounting assume a wide range of specific roles in determining the success of a company. For example, it is learned by me that, sustainability reporting reduce overhead costs, compliance costs, build trust, improve current business functions operations (Hopwood, 2009). For example, through sustainability reporting, a company could be able to create long term business strategies and attain organizational strategic vision and mission. In addition to this, it is also studied by me that, with the help of sustainability , business firms are able to overcome and handle various complicated business challenges and issues. It is because sustainability reporting is plays a major role in enhancing the decision making ability of business managers, top management and employees (Hopwood, 2009). On the other hand, it is also studied by me that, sustainability reporting is allows all the companies to effectively utilize the available resources and create better reputation. For case, sustainability reporting is essential and more significant for the companies to enhance their efficiency and waste reduction (Lodhia, 2007). Along with this, it is also studied by me that, by applying the concepts of sustainability reporting within business strategies and process, a company could reduce several future challenges and cots. Finally, it can be said that, all the concepts learnt by me during this coursework increased my understanding about the sustainability reporting and accounting (Deegan, and Bloomquist, 2006). References Bebbington, J., Higgins, C., and Frame, B, 2009, Initiating sustainable development reporting: Evidence from New Zealand. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 22(4), pp. 588 25. Deegan, C., and Bloomquist, C., 2006, Stakeholder Influence on Corporate Reporting: An Exploration of the interaction between WWF-Australia and the Australian Minerals Industry. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 31(4), pp. 343-372. De Villiers, C., Rinaldi, l., and Unerman, J., 2014, Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an Agenda for future research. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 27(7), pp. 1042 1067. Donaldson, T Preston, LE 1995, The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence, and implications, Academy of Management Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 65-91. Hopwood, A 2009, Accounting and the Environment, Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 34, no. 3-4, pp. 433-439. Hopwood, A., 2009, Accounting and the Environment. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(3-4), pp. 433-439. Lodhia, S 2013, Sustainability Accounting and Reporting: An Overview, Contemporary Developments and Research Possibilities, in G Wells (ed), Sustainable Business: Theory and Practice of Business under Sustainability Principles, Edward Elgar, United Kingdom, pp. 73-86 Lodhia, S 2007, Corporations and the environment: Australian Evidence, International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 183-193. Mitchell, RK., Agle, BR., Wood, DJ 1997, Towards a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining the principle of who and what counts, Academy of Management Review, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 853-886. Rinaldi, L., Unerman, J. Tilt, C. 2014, The role of stakeholder engagement and dialogue within the sustainability accounting and reporting process', in J Beggington, J Unerman B ODwyer (eds), Sustainability accounting and accountability, 2nd edn, Routledge, New York, pp. 86-107.

Sexual assaults against children; with adult and juvenile offenders

Introduction Child sexual assault/abuse (CSA) falls under the larger context of child abuse. An act qualifies to be child sexual abuse when for purposes of stimulation an adult or older juvenile engages in an activity that can be deemed sexual. Within the above-defined context, child sexual abuse is takes numerous forms. It includes exposure of children to pornographic material or using juveniles in the production of materials with adult content. It may also include physical contact and exposure of juveniles’ genitals.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexual assaults against children; with adult and juvenile offenders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, it may include coercion or pressuring a juvenile into engaging in sexual acts, mild o otherwise with or without her/his consent. Additionally, CSA includes selling if children sexual services and pressuring a child to engage in sexual act ivity with or without her/his consent and regardless of the outcome. According to Tracy (2008, p. 56) child sexual abuse is especially complicated because of the psychological impacts it has on the victims. The effects of child sexual abuse include but not limited to, low self-esteem, nightmares, insomnia, and fear of the things that are associated with or that remind the child of the abuse, sexual dysfunction, fatalities, pain, anxiety and depression. Others include posttraumatic stress order, mental illnesses that include a wide range of personality disorders and suicidal thoughts. In some cases, sexually abused children grow up to become abusers themselves. One of the most consistent characteristics of child sex abuse in many researches is the fact that the abusers are close people who are normally trusted by the child. Strangers do account for a significant portion of the abusers but over 80% of the molesters are family members and friends including baby sitters, family friends, and neighbors (Hunter, J.A et al., 2003, p. 276). The problem is widely prevalent and it’s believed statistics have not yet effectively captured the true picture. Many cases still go unreported owing to the shame and guilt that is associated with it. Estimates show that close to 15% of men and 25% of women in the United States did experience sexual molestation when they were children. Causes of child abuse are as complex as the problem itself. It’s important to note that most offenders act on their own. However, the extent to which operations of the criminal justice system and the failure of the social justice system cannot be overlooked when examining the causes of the problem.Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The widely prevalent vice of sexual assault against children has reached alarming rates. It has therefore necessitated the need to come up with a new approach using sociology, law, psychology, and ethics to find a lasting solution that will help eradicate the vice besides the existing legal mechanisms. An already existsing mechanism that draws information from the mentioned disciplines is doing a good job. However, there is no doubt that there needs to be an overhaul to the established strategies of combating child sexual abuse. In the US, the criminal justice system is closely linked to the social justice system through the constitution. Child sexual offenders are accorded rights through established mechanisms that are expected to help their reintegration to the community. This approach has however fallen short of reducing child sexual abuse by the levels envisioned. That is why it’s important to consider drastic measures that ill curtail child sexual offender rights and basic liberties. The main point behind this move is to rid society of the pedophiles and deter would be offenders. The harsh sentences and measures will deny CSA offenders the basic rights that prisoners are accorded and will ensure CSA offenders express genuine remorse and desire to change and get reintegrated to the community. Most of the measures entail both community and legal systems that incorporate elements of the legal systems and healthcare that CSA offender will be accorded. It will leave them little maneuver to use the existing legal loopholes to secure freedom. The measures are the resolutions that will discussed in greater detail in the last section of this paper. Owing to the fact that the mechanisms that have been put in place seem to be overwhelmed, it’s important to consider establishing a parallel system that addresses all issues in the social and criminal justice systems that help in the reduction of the instances of the vice. The legal justice system supersedes the other systems and in a way it determines how they operate. It’s therefore imperative that the legal system incorporates sociology, law, psychology, ethics measures that will address the issue. The epitome of this paper will be a proposal of a comprehensive solution to the problem of child sexual abuse incorporating all the elements mentioned above.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexual assaults against children; with adult and juvenile offenders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definition of terms Throughout the paper, CSA will be used to refer to child sexual abuse. Additionally, the terms sexual abuse and sexual battering will be used repeatedly and will stand to have the same meaning in this context. Incidence and demographic characteristics According to a Department of Health and Human Services report to congress in 2006, the prevalence of child sexual abuse has experiences a significant drop compared to where it was ten years earlier. The report titled National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect concluded that report ed CSA crimes had shown a decline of 38%. In 1993, the CSA cases stood slightly over 217000. The number had dropped to slightly over 135000 in 2006, according to community professionals and other stakeholders. The report however cites lack of reporting from victims and close members of the family as still highly rampant. Close to 70% of the cases are unreported especially when the abuse is going on. Despite the apparent drop in the cases of CSA, it’s important to bear in mind that the number of unreported cases are higher than the reported cases. Therefore the picture painted by the report can easily be changed if all factors were taken into account (Hunter et al., 2003, p. 276). The frequency with children are sexually abused is not clearly known because the vice i often hidden. A report by (Hanson, R.F., et al., 1999, p. 67) says that one in three girls and one in seven boys are likely to be abused in their childhood. The prevalence of the voice is also captured by the orga nization Stop It Now where in a telephone poll found out that 29% of women and 14% of me who were surveyed reported to have been sexually abused as a children. In 2006, 78,000 cases of CSA were reported to authorities and substantiated. This however represents 12%-30% of the cases that are reported. The majority of the cases are not reported. This therefore translates to between 260,000-650,000 cases of CSA in any given year. An important point to note and that is indicative of social trends as far as CSA is concerned is the fact that CSA found to be common in all racial backgrounds, religions, ages and ethnic groups and social economic levels.Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many reports point to the fact that the victims of CSA know their attackers. In fact 93% of victims personally know the person(s) that commit the abuse, according to Douglas Finkelhor (2005, p. 14) 47% of the abusers are family of extend family members while 85% of the time the children are bused close member of the family or friends in general. Offenders once caught and punished or rehabilitated, show signs of reduced likelihood of committing the offense again. CSA offenders who have been held accountable for their crimes show a high rate of recidivism. The rates for recidivism range between 15-20% without treatment while it falls to as low as 12% in cases where the perpetrators are held accountable and accorded treatment (Hanson et al, 2002, p. 28). It’s important to note that treatment is quite effective in rehabilitating the offenders hence it will form one of the solution incorporated to the expanded mechanism later on in this paper. Another interesting statistical tren d about CSA is commission of CSA by other children or juvenile offenders. Whereas adults commit the bulk of the offences of child sexual abuse, some reports have identified a consistent pattern where up to 50% of CSA offenders are under the age of eighteen years (Hunter et al, 2003, p.13). When these young adults commit these crimes, it automatically makes them juvenile offenders, which also are captured in the title of this paper. Failure to accord effective rehabilitation and treatment to juvenile offenders may result in the juveniles themselves becoming abusers in adulthood. For instance, according to Hunter Becker (1998, p. 20), 20-50% of teenagers who have committed CSA were in their childhood sexually abused. It’s therefore safe to conclude that a majority of juvenile offenders have in some way been victims of CSA. That is why acknowledgement and accordance of effective treatment to these children is necessary to prevent reoccurrence in future. Many adults especially t hose that are parents are not well informed to detect when children have been sexually abused. That is 88% of all CSA cases are never reported to the authorities (Hanson et al, 1999, p.259). There is need therefore of rolling out program that will target parents and other adults to educate them in ways of detecting CSA in their children. Causes and patterns of sexual assaults against children Not many studies have come up with the actual causes of CSA. Rather, the causes of CSA are observed through the wider context of causes of sexual abuse that happen to both adults and children (Sedlak, et al. 2010, p. 304). The thinking behind this is that all sexual offenders are driven by common factors to committing the offense to children or adults. There may be cases where pedophiles have emotional drives that make children easy prey but they as well are found in the general cases of sexual abuse. Its important to note that this section does have clear links between social and criminal just ice systems and their failures that lead to breeding of CSA offenders. These causes vary greatly and range between nature vs. nurture factors that involve biological factors e.g. physiology, drug abuse and psychopathology and environmental factors that include gender roles, motives behind pursuit of power, social learning and social dynamics involving relationships. One of the causes of sexual abuse is physiology and neurophysiology of human beings. In the bodies of CSA offenders are hormones and other chemicals that are imbalanced hence give the offender uncontrollable desires to molest children (Berkowitz, 1992, p. 176). For instance there is a relationship between testerone levels and aggression which may include sexual abuse. Similarly, head trauma and abnormalities in the human brain may also lead to an effect in hormones and sexual violence. Another factor is alcoholism and substance abuse. There is enough evidence that alcohol and other intoxicating substances lead to physica l aggression (Berkowitz, 1992, p. 178). In the cases of children, CSA offenders may attempt to drug children before actual abuse takes place. A good example is the case involving the late pop star Michael Jackson where prosecutors alleged that he drugged children with wine before sexual abuse took place. Psychopathology and personality traits also account for good number of CSA cases (Briere Eliot, 2003, p. 254). Men and women who have been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorders display psychiatric and disorders that breed coercive behavior, irresponsibility and lack of concrescence. More often than not, many CSA offenders have attitudes and gender biases that for some reason they believe are true. These offenders have myths about rape and children abuse and use the vice as a strategy in resolving problems. For instance there have been reports of men sexually abusing children in some societies with the belief that they will be healed of HIV/ Aids and other ailments. Sex an d power motives also do cause people to commit CSA (Berkowitz, 1992, p. 180). More often than not, men or women who commit CSA have power and anger motives. Many a times these men are reported to have felt rejection from the opposite sex hence the drive to relieve their anger on weaker opponents who most likely are children. In other bodies of knowledge, there seems to be consensus that socio-cultural factors contribute to sexual abuse against children (Douglas Finkelhor, 2005, p. 45). The theories suggest that the societies in which these offenders live in subtly encourage sexual immorality through history and the media that give impetus to offenders. Fro instance numerous communities in the world are known to accept marriage of girls as young as twelve years. The practice more often than not is institutionalized and accepted as normal and men and women who engage it see nothing wrong since they are paying within the accepted standards. Another element of the culture that promotes sexual abuse is the family (Berkowitz, 1992, p. 185). It’s thought that children who grow up in violent families are likely to engage in intimate sexual violence when they are adults. Besides, they may engage in CSA if help is not sough early on. Proposed solutions through the application of information from sociology, law, psychology, ethics It’s important that any solution that is sought to the vice reflects the realities that characterize the social and criminal justice systems that exist in human societies today. The solutions that will be suggested below will be done on the backdrop of the analysis of the social and criminal justice theories and the laws that govern us as enshrined in the US constitution. As earlier said the problem of CSA has reached proportions that had not been anticipated. It’s important that law enforcement agencies are given credit for their efforts in combating crime and social ills such as CSA. However, no one can deny that problem s such as CSA have persisted at a time when law enforcement budgets are stretching both the federal and state governments. Nevertheless, to lay the blame solely on the failure of the criminal justice system will myopic and will not lead to anywhere in the search for a solution. The blame therefore should be share with society as well. There sufficient evidence that social justice is in short supply and people who make up society have been caught up a web of inconsistencies by both systems that crime and other social ills have become a scapegoat (Robinson, 2009, p. 68). Scholars have criticized justice agencies as far as criminology, criminal justice and other related disciplines are concerned. There has been concern that these systems are not meeting their goals especially in achieving justice. Social justice deals with the efforts that have been out in place to ensure equal access to opportunity and good life as defined by the written and unwritten rules of the community. The main function of the criminal justice system is to optimally meet its goals of dispensing justice so that social justice can be achieved. That said, it’s important to note that there are people like CSA offenders who don’t deserve the benefits that are pursued by the systems described above (Robinson, 2009, p. 70). The United States constitution offers every citizen basic freedoms that allow him/her to freely live in the country and do what he/she needs to do to achieve the American dream. Rawls explains social justice through his theory of Justice as equality while Miller put the same contest through the theory of convention and social equality and justice. The US constitution in pursuit of universal liberty and freedom creates the conditions necessary for the realization of the above principles. Rawls says that the systems operate on constitutional essentials and helps establish background institutions that help people in their pursuit of social and economic justice throu gh freedom and equality that is guaranteed by the constitution. In the pursuit of success social ills CSA have come up that have necessitated society, criminal justice custodians and they custodians of the constitution to take a hard look at the situation. The solution for CSA is for the society and authorities to mandate drastic actions that dwell on the inconsistencies that exist in the criminal justice systems and social justice systems and curtail basic liberties of all CSA offenders (Robinson, 2009, p. 75). Curtailment of liberties and other rights under the constitution will take place on the existing guidelines but only on a larger extent than before. The curtailment of freedoms will be done through the ways discuses in the following section. These ways take into account and recommend inclusion of constitutional inconsistencies in addressing CSA. The inconsistencies include enforcement of biased laws by the police and the courts and the correctional agencies, unequal access t o defense by the suspected offenders as well as unequal application of sanctions and punishments by the correction agencies. There also should be elimination of plea-bargaining for suspected CSA offenders and determinate and mandatory sentencing by the courts of the people suspected to have committed CSA. Within the severely restricted environment where the offenders will be operating, mandatory medical and mental treatment will b accorded to the offenders as well as experimental community reintegration and supervision. Correctional facilities should also be enabled to limit access to satisfy needs by CSA offenders in their custody. The second part of the solution will entail increasing the efficiency of the monitoring and reporting systems that are in place. The fact that over 80% of cases go unreported means that many of the offenders are still walking free in the community. Therefore enhancing the criminal justice systems to easily facilitate reporting and speedy arrest will comp lement the curtailing of freedom that in the combat of CSA. The measures will discourage offender from committing the offenses again awhile at the same time acting as a deterrent for the would be offenders. Because the legal justice system supersedes all other systems, it should be designed in a way that ensures the above is implemented through the following categories of solutions (Hanson, et al. 1999, p. 56). Legal/ Justice Solutions They are referred to as tertiary measures which normally apply after the actual crime has taken place (Hanson et al. 2002, p. 208). Proponents of orthodox approaches don’t advocate for this approach because they reason the damage has already been done by the time a person is taken to court. That is why the approach of drastic curtailing of freedom and basic liberties for the CSA offenders comes in handy. Moreover the public and policy attention that these strategies will command will go a long way in deterring would be offenders from committing the offence. Looked at from a different perspective the drastic measures suggested above will ensure primary prevention of the vice through theoretically the deterrent factor will be implemented through fear of sure and serious punishment by the justice system. The above likely effect coupled with the statistics that show CSA offenders not likely to commit the offense again will effectively curb child sexual abuse. One of the factors informing the above drastic justice measures is the fact that many child sexual molesters are likely to be educated people rather than criminal who specialize in the offence. The fear of losing a good life that is defined by education and status is likely to deter these â€Å"undercover† molesters. Lifetime incarceration for CSA offenders is unlikely to work in that face of the reduced freedoms accorded to criminals and suspected criminals. The drastic criminal justice policy that suggested above will accept albeit sparingly the reintroduction o f offenders into the society still with reduced liberties and increased monitoring through registration systems that will keep track of their activities. In essence the drastic plan proposes â€Å"caged freedom† from the released offender. They include offender registration, mandatory registration, residency restriction and civil commitment and sentence lengthening. Offender registration Currently all states have offender registries that are electronic. The systems allow for raid apprehension of the offenders incase recommitment of the crime any crime related to CSA (John, 2005, p. 87). Some advocates have argued that requirement that the offenders wear electronic surveillance chops affects their reintegration to society and violated the rights of the offenders who have already served their terms. After the implementation of the registration in late 1990’s studies that followed suggested little drop in the sex related crimes. This was moistly attributed to non-complian ce on the part of the offenders. In some states the rate of sex crimes especially on children remained the same while in one state-California it went up that is why the drastic plan suggested above will be seeking to legalize the implantation of electronic surveillance chips into the bodies of offenders up to the time when the authorities feel one is in a apposition not to commit the offence again Community notification This provision acts on the basis of the Megan law of 1996 that informs of neighbors and other interested parties of the whereabouts of a released offender. Community notification while it aims to protect neighbors and people around offenders, will be seeking to isolate the offenders till they decide to seek reintegration through expression of remorse. In the suggested solution some requirements for the offender to end his/isolation will include volunteering to educate his/her community on CSA and the implications it carries for the victims. The drastic plan will dema nd that the offender shows some initiative towards reintegration upon release in any form of deviant behavior will result into incarceration without the basic rights as outlined earlier on. Mandatory background checks Mandatory background checks have almost become the norm in organizations when applying for work or volunteer positioning organizations. Many employers have relied on public registries for information on potential employee’s criminal records. The main reason for these checks will be to bar dangerous people with a record of molesting children from serving in positions where they can easily commit the offence again. The measures outlined earlier will go further and suggest that guidelines be introduced that will limit the types of jobs that a released offender should be allowed to apply for. They guidelines should be specific that the offenders should never be employed in situations where they come to private contact with juveniles either directly or indirectly. Re sidency Restriction Residency restrictions exist in many states and localities. The statutes that have introduced the laws are specific where released CAA offenders can visit. The main aim to prevent them from getting closer to areas frequented by children. These areas include daycare centres, churches, and schools. The law is already drastic as it is. It has been reported by sex offender management authorities that released sex offenders have difficulty securing descent residences owing to the fact that they are classified as CSA’s. However, the measures outlined earlier should include among other restrictions the possibility of offenders loosing some of their rights as citizens of the state if they are convicted and if they don’t show any progress towards reintegration and reformation. The threat to deny them basic state rights will be a big deterrent to the would be offenders and the released one who are likely to engage in the ice again. Sentence Lengthening and Ci vil Commitment This involves meting out of long prison sentences to sex offenders. Though many states have increased the length of prison terms for sex offenders there is need within the proposed solution of drastic measures to include a life sentence for offenders who show no remorse or who may be determined through assessment to be danger to the community. Already some states still hold offenders they deem dangerous even after the completion of their term in prison. Possibility of life in prison without parole for sex offenders will rid the community of the dangerous elements and CSA crimes will considerably reduce. Enhanced reporting, detection and arrest It’s important that law enforcement put in place mechanisms that will nab free CSA offenders. The programs will entail elaborate measures that will be available to vulnerable groups and interested parties like parents that will enable them report crimes relating to CSA. Psychological solutions Mental health treatment Many CSA offenders have been found to mentally unstable. Psychological solutions including therapeutic treatment will be recommended. However, even then, they will still some basic freedom that they may be enjoying currently. This is to deter people who may be of sound mind from committing CSA offenses and feigning mental instability afterwards. Mental treatment will be provided but within the confines of the drastic solution measurers as may be applicable. Sociological solutions Community Prevention of Offending Community prevention offending will be taking place within the proposed framework where there will be reduced liberties for CSA offenders in both the criminal justice and social justice systems. There is the possibility of that the free CSA offenders may not one caught due to one reason or the other. There is therefore need to launch programs that will utilize the proposed measures to encourage offenders who need help to come forth. The programs will promise help to the offende rs who freely confess and exemption to some extent from the drastic measures that caught CSA offenders will go through. The CPO programs will work with law enforcement and community organizations and may involve establishment of confidential lines where the offenders will call and can be counseled anonymously. Efforts will be, made to detect the addresses of the offenders though no arrests will be made. They offenders will be urged to surrender in return for the above promised treatment from authorities. Within the drastic measures, policy makers should consider introducing mandatory education to parents and other stakeholders on ways of identifying sexual offenders and ways thorough which on can tell that a child has been sexually abuse. Currently, taking the courses is not mandatory, but voluntary for those that want to do so. Moreover, it’s not paid for by the state. Requirements will also from local authorities to run adverts to that effect. Ethical solutions In many prof essions there is normally a code of conduct that governs the behavior expected of each member. Client privacy is highly regarded in the professions especially in the medical field. While its requirement by the law that every citizen report crimes he/she witnesses. Very often these professionals do come in contact with lawbreakers including CSA offenders who confess of their crimes. While they are required by law to report the crimes, they are also bound by the code of ethics that may equate such exposure to breach of doctor patient confidentiality. The dilemma that the professionals find themselves in does little to help in combating CSA offenses. It’s important to note that professionals in this fields are in custody of critical information that can lead to the arrest and incarceration of CSA offenders. Reconciliation of standard and legal requirements to aid reporting One of the ways to address the above problem is through a reconciliation of the standard practice and legal requirements to allow professionals who would want to report such crimes to do so. In fact when the drastic measures are solution is considered, the professionals will be required to report any such occurrence so that the course of justice can take place. It can be argued that ethics will entail being true to what the society believes in right. Therefore reporting of crimes including CSA will be an obligation of any professional who comes across any in the course of practice. The laws will be seeking to propose penalties for professionals who may not adhere to the requirements. Conclusion The solution and the components under it were developed with the sole aim of enhancing community and victim safety. After going through the drastic measures that have been outlined above, one may be tempted to ask if they will work. Well there still is need to conduct further research on the issues before actual implementation takes place. However, hypothetically, the measures are bound to produce significant results on deterrence and prevention if CSA offenses. One of the assumptions that the solution assumes is the availability of resources that will be committed to implementing the drastic measures. The measures are also aimed at preventing reoffending hence the proposed strict incarceration and denial of basic rights measures. Finally the solutions will succeed if there is sufficient information regarding CSA crimes e.g. facts on incidence, prevalence and victim information. Additionally there should be information on sex offenders and the behaviors that are associated with them. Furthermore, the solution will succeed if there is education on the prevention and risk reduction measures among the population. The authorities should also while implementing the solution ensures there is enough information on the availability of resources for victims’ families and communities affected by the vice. Finally there should be social campaigns that promote responsible behavio r to promote respectful interaction between people and to minimize the chances of CSA happening. There is no perfect solution to the problem of CSA offenses. However, there is always room for the improvement of the existing laws to accommodate the new trends that the criminal activities like CSA are taking. The solution proposed here seeks to deny offenders and would offenders that every free person values. The assumption is that offenders who have been convicted and released after going through proposed system will lack the will to commit the crime again. Additionally, the proposed solution envisions a situation where would be offenders are deterred from committing any CSA crime given on the face of increased penalties. The solution is drastic in such a way that it seeks the enactment of statutes that will make the implementation of the measures mandatory by the federal and state agencies. References Berkowitz, A. (1992). College Men as Perpetrators of Acquaintance Rape and Sexual Assault:A Review of Recent Research. Journal of American College Health, Vol. 40, 175-181. Briere, J. Eliot, D.M. (2003). Prevalence and Psychological Sequence of Self- Reported Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse in General Population: Child Abuse and Neglect. Douglas,   E. Finkelhor,D. (2005). Childhood sexual abuse fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/factsheet/pdf/childhoodSexualAbuseFactSheet.pdf. Crimes Against Children Research Center. Hanson, R.K., et al. (2002). First report of the Collaborative Outcome Data Project on the effectiveness of psychological treatment for sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14 (2), 169-194 Hunter, J.A et al., (2003). Juvenile sex offenders: Toward the Development of a typology. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, (2003) Volume 15, No. 1). Hanson, R.F., et al. (1999).   Factors related to the reporting of childhood sexual assault. Child Abuse and Neglect. Pp.i23,559-569). John, Q . (2005). Preventing Sexual Violence: How Society Should Cope with Sex Offenders Washington: American Psychological Association Robinson, M. (2009). Justice blind? Ideals and realities of American criminal justice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sedlak, A.J. et al. (2010). Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS–4): Report to Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. Tracy, V. (2008). The Pursuit of Safety: Sex Offender Policy in the United States. New York: Vera Institute of Justice. This research paper on Sexual assaults against children; with adult and juvenile offenders was written and submitted by user Jason Wilkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Australian and Hong Kong monetary policy

Australian and Hong Kong monetary policy Introduction According to Edirisuriya (2010, 5), monetary policy is the regulation of the monetary supply and interest rates by a central bank so as to counter inflation and make the local currency more stable. Monetary policy refers to the actions and policies initiated by a country, through its central bank or through other government regulatory authorities to control the supply and flow of money in the economy. Monetary policies impact the economy in terms of short term interest rates, inflation rates and liquidity in the domestic country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian and Hong Kong monetary policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As per the theoretical model of money supply and inflation, increases in money supply in an economy will lead to inflationary pressures. An expansionary monetary policy is meant to help grow a country’s economy. Expansionary policies increase money supply in the econo my through government investment programs, which usually leads to inflationary pressures. Monetary policies are not always enough in the maintenance of stable inflation levels because the inflation rates may also be influenced by changes to the global economy. For instance the oil crisis in 1970 and the recent financial crisis and global recession in 2008 influenced almost all economies in the world (Kidwell, Brimble, Beal and Willis 2007, 56). Australia and the Hong Kong monetary policy Australian monetary policy In Australia, the Reserve Bank of Australia is in charge of inventing and putting into practice the monetary policy. Monetary policy resolutions engage setting the interest rates on overnight advances in the money market. Other interest rates in the economy are influenced by these interest rates to varying levels, so that the actions of those borrowing and lending in the financial markets is influenced by monetary policy, although maybe by other factors. The objectives of the monetary policy are to attain the â€Å"goals set forth in the Reserve Bank Act 1959, which are; stabilise the Australian currency; maintain full employment in the country; and ensure economic development and welfare of the Australian people† (Hunt and Terry 2008, 19). The primary medium-term goal of the Australian monetary policy is to counter inflation, so an inflation mark is therefore the focus of the monetary policy approach. â€Å"The Governor and the Treasurer have concurred that the appropriate target for monetary policy is to attain an inflation rate of 2 to 3%, on average, over the cycle† (Hunt and Terry 2008, 24). This is a rate of inflation adequately low that it doesn’t significantly deform economic decisions in the society in quest to attain this rate, on average, gives discipline for monetary policy decision making, and acts as a pivot for private sector inflation anticipations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let' s see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Over the past decade, the monetary-policy structure in Australia has changed significantly. Currently, Australia uses an inflation-targeting approach to monetary policy. The inflation target is explained as a medium term average instead of a rate, which should be held at any given time. This formulation gives room for any expected in eventualities, which are entailed in predicting, and snarls in the impacts of the monetary policy on the economy. Occurrence in Australia and all over the world has proven that inflation is hard to fine tune given a tapered band. The inflation target is also, essentially, positive and optimistic. This framework allows responsibility for monetary policy in countering the variations in output over the ongoing of the business cycle. When collective demand in the economy is low, monetary policy can be eased that will provide a short term stimulus to economic action (Canov a and Pappa 2007, 727; Lewis and Wallace 1997, 39). The principal responsibility of the Australian monetary policy is the open markets operation. This involves controlling the amount of money in distribution in the economy through the trade of the different financial instruments, for example government bonds, company bonds, treasury paper and forex exchange. This trade leads to more or less base currency inflowing or out flowing in the market. However, normally the short-term objective of open markets operation is to attain a certain short-term interest rate standard level. In other cases, monetary policies might rather involve the aiming of a particular currency exchange rate comparative to some overseas currencies or else comparative to valuable metals. Whenever a fiscal deficit is high, the government demand for debt funding will decrease the amounts of money available in the economy as capital investment in the private sector and hence limiting economic development (Edirisuriya 2010, 56). In Australia, â€Å"the central bank adjusts the official cash rate so as to assist keep inflation within sustainable levels. The International Monetary Fund argues that in order to allow more policy â€Å"room† at the time of crises, an economy needs to set a higher inflation target† (Reserve Bank of Australia 2011). The Reserve Bank of Australia applies an inflationary range of 2 to 3 percent as its reference when coming up with monetary policy resolutions. Thus, the Reserve Bank uses interest rates so as to calm an overheating economy (by increasing the cash rate) or to pace up a snarling economy (by reducing the cash rates). Flow of the cash rate is fast fed through to other capital markets interest rates, for example money market rates and bond yields. These interest rates are also affected by the risk forbearance of depositors and shareholders and utility for holding their funds in a form that they are easily exchangeable.Advertising We will wr ite a custom essay sample on Australian and Hong Kong monetary policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"The cash rate and other capital markets interest rates then passed through to the whole framework of depositing and loaning rates. In Australia, most deposits and loans are at variable or short term fixed rates, therefore there is a high pass through of variances in the cash rate to depositing and lending rates† (CPDS, 2011). Nevertheless, because of the other aspects affecting capital markets rates, and variations in the degree of competition in the banking sector, deposits and lending rates do not always change directly with the cash rate. Nevertheless, Australia’s monetary policy is one of the most liberal approaches worldwide today, with many other nations struggling with an inflationary range of between 1 and 2 percent (Valentine, Ford, Edwards, Sundmacher and Copp 2006, 124). The strength of the Australian monetary policy can be better seen in the way Australia rode out the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. It was far much better than most other countries. At the time of the financial crisis, Australia could not escape the wrath of the economic crisis because; at the time, Australia was ongoing into an acute shortage of capital that made it be at risk particularly if property values went down; safeguard against a financial crisis would be ineffective due to lack of serious international attempts to solve ongoing worldwide macro-economic issues; in addition, there were practical limitations on essentially mounting foreseen protection. However in 2009, the federal government responded to the risk and pumped in a $42 billion package to increase spending and payment to individuals to increase demand. This in a way adequately addressed the symptoms of the failure of the GFC (that is, the distortion of the economy). Monetary policy in Hong Kong The government of Hong Kong is directly responsible for formulating monetary and fiscal policies according to Article 110 of the Basic Law (Osborne 2007). Therefore, there isn’t any external control from either Main Land China or PBoC thus leaving the Hong Kong Government fully autonomous on its monetary policies. Hong Kong monetary policy mandate is to maintain currency and economic stability in the region. Due to the fact that Hong Kong’s economy is externally oriented, the HKMA is obligated to have a stable exchange rate against foreign exchange markets. â€Å"The currency board arrangements, requires the Hong Kong dollar monetary base to be at least 100 per cent backed by, and changes in it to be 100 per cent matched by corresponding changes in US dollar reserves held in the Exchange Fund at the fixed exchange rate of HK$7.80 to US$1† (HKMA, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The stability of the Hong Kong Dollar is maintained through a system known as the â€Å"interest rate adjustment Mechanism†. The monetary policy is therefore formulated and implemented by the Hong Kong’s central bank. It stabilizes the economy by further adjusting the interests’ rates and money supply just like it did during the 2008 recession especially, given the fact that price stability for vital items such as oil is the main target of the central bank when adjusting interest rates and money supply (HKMA, 2011). Since the introduction of the fixed exchange rate, note issuing financial institutions has been required have certificates of indebtedness which are issued by the Hongs Kong’s Exchange Fund which acts as a backup for the bank note issuance which are usually made against the US dollar. â€Å"The expansion or contraction in the monetary base leads interest rates for the domestic currency to fall or rise, respectively, creating the monetary cond itions that automatically counteract the original capital movements, ensuring stability of the exchange rate† (HongKong2004, 2011). Hong Kong Monetary policy dictates that there be a fixed exchange rate against the dollar, though a lot of debates have emerged over this issue, Hong Kong has continued to prosper economically due to this policy. The economic prosperity is due to the transparent and dependable monetary discipline that is associated with the currency exchange rate. In addition, this exchange rate has also influenced the interest rates especially in the just past recession. The Hong Kong’s policy of a fixed exchange rate made it avert serious economical crises in Hong Kong which would have resulted in further economy depreciations and damage to the region’s economy (Mishkin and Eakins 2006, 56). However in 2008, Hong Kong slid in the global recession thereby joining other global economies that were experiencing the same issue. Due to the recession, its GDP fell by 0.4 percent thereby derailing the economy of the region. In order to control recession and have a stable economy, the Hong Kong monetary policy is keen on having a transparent policy that will ensure that the financial sector and the public in general is quite aware of the functions of the currency board that is charged with implementing the Hong Kong’s monetary policy. In order to achieve this, the board the board publishes its currency accounts on a monthly basis. Furthermore, the Hong Kong Government fully supports the continuous interrelation of the linked exchange rate system that is the keystone to Hong Kong’s Monetary and fiscal stability. Comparison and contrast between the two monetary policies Both Australia and Hong Kong use open market operations to impose control over monetary supply. Open market operation involves the buying and selling of government treasury bonds and papers. Primarily, the short term objectives for open market operation are specified by the currency board system. These objectives are often to attain a specific level of currency reserves or a given interest rate (Anonymous 2011). Unlike Australia, Hong Kong uses a pegged exchange rate system that adjusts the exchange rate of Hong Kong Dollar; this means that the Hong Kong Monetary Authority does not dictate the monetary supply. Because under the currency board system, monetary supply is determined by market forces of demand and supply, the market demand exclusively depends on the flow of capital, that is, the inflow or outflow of capital would direct to an adjustments in the interest rates rather than the exchange rate. For instance, when there is an inflow of capital into the financial system, the currency foot would rise. However, the issue reverses when there is an outflow of capital. According to the pegged exchange rate system, the currency board cannot determine the interest rates independently or alter the exchange rates; hence it does not have the privilege to formulate monetary policies. Indeed, the current financial system ensures the authority does not print as many bank notes as it would like, hence lowering the likelihood of inflation. Currently, Australia has a flexible exchange rate system against all currencies making it one of the most liberal currency markets in the world (HK gov. 2011). In Australia, the Governor and Treasurer are responsible for formulating the monetary policy objectives and monetary system, while in Hong Kong the HKMA has to attain the monetary policy goals on its own, this could include finding out related approaches, instruments and ways of implementation, to make sure the stability and reliability of the financial system of Hong Kong. References Anonymous, 30th April 2011. â€Å"Monetary Policy Week In Review – 30 April 2011.† Daily Markets, p. 9. Canova, F. and Pappa, E., 2007. â€Å"Price Differentials in Monetary Unions: The Role of Fiscal Shocks.† The Economic Jour nal, 117, 713-737. CPDS, 2011. â€Å"Defending Australia from the financial crisis.† CPDS. Retrieved from http://cpds.apana.org.au/Teams/Articles/Fortress.htm Edirisuriya, P., 2010. Money and capital markets. New York: McGraw-Hill. HK gov. 2011. â€Å"Monetary policy.† HK gov. Retrieved from www.info.gov.hk/hkma/ar2005/english/summary/pdf/hkma.pdf HKMA, 2011. â€Å"Monetary policy.† Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Retrieved from info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/oversight/index.htm HongKong2004, 2011. â€Å"Monetary Policy.† HongKong2004. Retrieved from yearbook.gov.hk/2004/en/04_10.htm Hunt, B. and Terry, C., 2008. Financial institutions and markets (5th ed. Melbourne: Thomson. Kidwell, D. S, Brimble, M., Beal D. and Willis, D., 2007. Financial markets, institutions and money. Sydney: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Lewis, M. K. and Wallace, R. H., 1997. The Australian financial system. South Melbourne: Longman. Mishkin F. S. and Eakins S. G., 2006. Financial markets and institutions, 6th ed. Boston: Addison Wesley. Osborne, S., 2007. Abolish the Hong Kong dollar,† says Jim Rogers. Asian Inverstor (Hong Kong and the magic rainbow land: Asian Inverstor). Retrieved from asianinvestor.net/News/96839,abolish-the-hong-kong-dollar-says-jim-rogers.aspx?refresh=on Reserve Bank of Australia, 2011. â€Å"Monetary Policy.† RBA. Retrieved from rba.gov.au Valentine, T., Ford G., Edwards V., Sundmacher, M. and Copp, R., 2006. Financial markets and institutions in Australia, 2nd ed. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Education. Yeates, C., 2010. Aussie now fifth most traded currency. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from smh.com.au/business/aussie-now-fifth-mosttraded-currency-20100901-14nma.html

The issue of national or international importance which have an impact Essay

The issue of national or international importance which have an impact on society - Essay Example This research tells that terrorism has had a lasting impact on the society in more ways than one. It must be understood here that there are only negatives attached with terrorism and absolutely no positives could be drawn from such a heinous issue. The wave of terrorism sparked much debate and controversy after the 9/11 attacks on the US soil. After this, the world scenario started to change for the worse, so much so that terrorism seems to be the only constant amongst the different international issues of the current times. This essay discusses that the turn of the new century has meant nothing else but sheer terrorism with terrorist activities breaking headlines with each passing day, in different regions of the world. Taliban and Al Qaeda have been credited with most of these terrorist activities and there is enough evidence to suggest that these two outfits have brought much harm to the ranks of global peace and sanity than any other terrorist wing. In the coming times, terrorism will continue to pose as a major problem. It will haunt the lives of the people and destruct their property and wealth just like it is doing in the present times. It does not guarantee peace to prevail in the near future. The world is plunged into a fighting zone, with non-state actors fighting it out for their own ulterior motives. Some state-level terrorism is also being given air and this has meant disaster and nothing else in the long run.

Informative Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Informative Speech - Essay Example Sometimes we pass the things that should affect our lives, directly or not. When did people become familiar with this term: Politics of global warming? May be it is a whole Era that we are entering right now, those who will live for the next century only in concerns of climate change. Simply speaking, I think depending on what angle the global warming takes; it will affect our generation by our country’s policy, international position, and plan of actions. How politicians decide what affects global warming, will determine how we will be living tomorrow. Politicians and republicans are starting to take some actions toward the climate change issue and thats to enable them to gain the publics voice to win the elections. The people also are starting to take some step towards having a better climate "In January 2012, just before South Carolina’s Republican presidential primary, the Charleston-based Christian Coalition of America, one of the most influential advocacy groups in conservative politics, flew Emanuel down to meet with the GOP presidential candidates. Perhaps an unlikely prophet of doom where global warming is concerned, the coalition has begun to push Republicans to take action on climate change. In sum, people should give real facts about global warming rather than using the subject for their political